Particpants

Gordon Adams is the director of Security Policy Studies at Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University. For the 2006-07 academic year, he has received a fellowship from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for his project, "Buying National Security: Transforming the U.S. Resource Planning Process."

Previously, Dr. Adams worked at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, where he held the position of Deputy Director. Before moving to London, he served as the Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs of the Office of Management and Budget in the White House.

He previously taught at Rutgers University and Columbia University. He has held positions at the Council on Economic Priorities, the Council on Foreign Relations and the Social Science Research Council. He was founder and director of the Defense Budget Project, which became one of Washington's leading analytical institutions working on the defense budget and defense policy issues from 1983 to 1993. In addition to being widely published on the areas of security policy, defense policy and budgets and transatlantic defense trade and investment policy, Dr. Adams has testified extensively before various committees of both houses of the U.S. Congress, and is widely quoted in the media on defense issues.

Andrew J. Bacevich is professor of international relations at Boston University. A graduate of the U. S. Military Academy, he received his Ph. D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University. Before joining the faculty of Boston University in 1998, he taught at West Point and at Johns Hopkins University.

Dr. Bacevich is the author most recently of The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (2005). His previous books include American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U. S. Diplomacy (2002) and The Imperial Tense: Problems and Prospects of American Empire (2003). His essays and reviews have appeared in a wide variety of scholarly and general interest publications including The Wilson Quarterly, The National Interest, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The Nation, The American Conservative, and The New Republic. His op-eds have appeared in the New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times, and USA Today, among other newspapers.

Professor Bacevich served for seven years, from 1998 to the summer of 2005, as the Director of the Center for International Relations at Boston University. In 2004, Dr. Bacevich was a Berlin Prize Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin. He has also been a fellow of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. Dr. Bacevich has been the recipient of numerous awards and grants, including the Moncado Prize given by the Society for Military History and the Arter-Darby Military History Writing Award.

James Carroll is a columnist for the Boston Globe, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence at Suffolk University. In 1976, he published his first novel, Madonna Red, which was translated into seven languages. Since then he has published nine additional novels, including the New York Times bestsellers Mortal Friends (1978), Family Trade (1982), and Prince of Peace (1984). His novels The City Below (1994) and Secret Father (2003) were named Notable Books of the Year by the New York Times. Mr. Carroll’s essays and articles have appeared in The New Yorker, Daedalus, and other publications. His op-ed page column has run weekly in the Boston Globe since 1992.

Mr. Carroll’s memoir, An American Requiem: God, My Father, and the War that Came Between Us, received the 1996 National Book Award in nonfiction and other awards. His book Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History, published in 2001, was a New York Times bestseller and won numerous accolades including the Melcher Book Award, the James Parks Morton Interfaith Award, and National Jewish Book Award in History. Responding to the Catholic sex abuse crisis in 2002, he published Toward A New Catholic Church: The Promise of Reform. In 2004 he published Crusade: Chronicles of an Unjust War, adapted from his Boston Globe columns since 9/11. In 2006, he published House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power, a history of the Pentagon.

Mr. Carroll is a regular participant in on-going Jewish-Christian-Muslim encounters at the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem. Carroll is a member of the Council of PEN-New England, which he chaired for four years. He has been a Shorenstein Fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a Fellow at the Center for the Study of Values in Public Life at the Harvard Divinity School. He is a trustee of the Boston Public Library, a member of the Advisory Board of the International Center for Ethics, Justice, and Public Life at Brandeis University, and a member of the Dean’s Council at the Harvard Divinity School.

Thomas Christie is a board member of the Straus Military Reform Project at the Center for Defense Information. From 2001 to 2005, he was the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation, in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). He had served previously for nine years as Director of the Operational Evaluation Division (OED) at the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA), a federally funded research and development center.

Prior to his leaving the Department of Defense for the first time in 1989, Mr. Christie served for 16 years in several positions in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. He was the Director of Program Integration for the Undersecretary of Defense (Acquisition) and served in two separate positions in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Program Analysis and Evaluation), first as Director of the Tactical Air Division and then as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (General Purpose Programs). Before coming to OSD in 1973, Mr. Christie was the Director of the Weapon System Analysis Division at the Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, Fla.

Prior to these assignments, Mr. Christie began his professional career in 1955 as an analyst in the Ballistics Division at the Air Proving Ground Center, also at Eglin Air Force Base. He graduated from Spring Hill College in 1955 with a bachelor's degree in Mathematics and from New York University in 1962 with a master's degree in Applied Mathematics.

Carl Conetta is a co-director of the Project on Defense Alternatives at the Commonwealth Institute. Since 1991, he has authored or co-authored over 40 PDA reports on defense reform and restructuring, threat assessment, military operations, and peacekeeping. He also has published widely outside the Institute, including contributions to 12 edited volumes. Mr. Conetta has appeared extensively before Congress and congressional agencies, US armed services institutions, executive branch agencies, and other governmental and nongovernmental institutions in the USA and abroad.

Mr. Conetta has made frequent media appearances, including interviews on CNN "Crossfire," ABC-TV and CBS-TV news, and Fox Television News, among many others. He has served as a consultant for the Council on Foreign Relations, the House Armed Services Committee, the South African Ministry of Defense, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Before joining PDA, he was a Fellow at the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies (IDDS) and served as editor of the IDDS journal, Defense and Disarmament News, and associate editor of the Arms Control Reporter.

Anita Dancs is research director for the National Priorities Project where she researches and writes on the impact of federal budget policies, especially national security spending. Most recently her focus has been on the costs of the Iraq War and homeland security policies.

Dr. Dancs has a PhD in economics and was previously an academic working at universities in Hungary, the UK and the U.S. Her past research has focused on the transition from state socialism to capitalism in Eastern Europe. She is a staff economist with the Center for Popular Economics, and a member of the Task Force for a Unified Security Budget.

Robert Dreyfuss is the author of Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam (Henry Holt/Metropolitan Books, 2005). He is a freelance writer based in Alexandria, Va., who specializes in politics and national security issues. He covers national security for Rolling Stone, and he is a contributing editor at The Nation, a contributing writer at Mother Jones, a senior correspondent for The American Prospect. His articles have also appeared in the Washington Monthly, The New Republic, Newsday, Worth, California Lawyer, The Texas Observer, E, In These Times, The Detroit Metro Times, Public Citizen, Extra!, and, in Japan, in Esquire, Foresight and Nikkei Business. Online, he writes frequently for TomPaine.com, and has produced a popular blog for TomPaine called The Dreyfuss Report.

In 2002, Mr. Dreyfuss wrote the first significant profile of Ahmed Chalabi by a journalist, for The American Prospect. Also in 2002, he wrote an analysis of the war between the Pentagon and the CIA over policy toward Iraq, which included the first account of the Pentagon’s Office of Special Plans. Other stories in The American Prospect included detailed accounts of neoconservative war plans for the broader Middle East. In 2004, he co-authored what is still the most complete account of the work of the Office of Special Plans in manufacturing misleading or false intelligence about Iraq, for Mother Jones, entitled "The Lie Factory."

Meg Gage is the president and executive director of the Proteus Fund. In 1981, she founded the Peace Development Fund and served as its Executive Director until 1992. She served as the Executive Director of the Ottinger Foundation from 1992 through 1999 and founded Proteus Fund in 1995.

Ms. Gage was awarded the Inaugural Robert W. Scrivner Award in 1986 for Creativity by an Individual Grantmaker. In 1997 she wrote the Funders Handbook on Money in Politics. She earned a bachelors degree from Brandeis University in 1967.

William D. Hartung is project director at the Arms Trade Resource Center at the World Policy Institute. He is also a senior research fellow at the World Policy Institute at the New School. His books and studies on security issues include: How Much Are You Making on the War, Daddy? - A Quick and Dirty Guide To War Profiteering in the Bush Administration (Nation Books/Thunder's Mouth Press, January 2004); And Weapons for All (Harper Collins, 1995); "Prevention, Not Preemption: Stopping the New Nuclear Danger," World Policy Journal (Winter 2002/2003); "Military Strategy," in John Feffer, ed., Power Trip (Seven Stories Press, 2003), and About Face: The Role of the Arms Lobby in the Bush Administration's Radical Reversal of Two Decades of U.S. Nuclear Policy (World Policy Institute, May 2002).

Mr. Hartung's articles on military spending, nuclear policy, and the arms trade have appeared in the New York Times, Washington Post, USA Today, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and Arms Control Today. He has been featured as an expert on NBC Nightly News, CBS 60 Minutes, The News Hour with Jim Lehrer, CNN, BBC, Fox News, and MSNBC, as well as on numerous national, regional and local radio programs.

Thea Harvey is executive director of Economists for Peace and Security. She oversees EPS's research, education and outreach projects within three broad areas: US Military and Security Policy; International Peacebuilding; and Teaching the Economics of War and Peace. She supervises the publication of a quarterly newsletter, monthly e-newsletter, and an extensive website.

Victoria Holt is a senior associate at the Stimson Center. She joined the Center in 2001, bringing policy and political expertise from her professional experience within the State Department, Congress, and the NGO field. She previously served as Senior Policy Advisor at the State Department (Legislative Affairs), focusing on peacekeeping and UN issues.

As Executive Director of the Emergency Coalition for US Financial Support of the United Nations, Ms. Holt directed a bipartisan coalition of leading statesmen and non-governmental organizations. With seven years experience on Capitol Hill, she has an intricate understanding of the workings of defense and foreign policy issues in government and the public policy arena. She has also worked for other Washington-based policy institutes on international affairs. Ms. Holt is a board member of Women in International Security (WIIS). A graduate of the Naval War College, Holt also holds a BA from Wesleyan University.

Brandon Hunt is an intern at the Future of Peace Operations Program at the Stimson Center, where he conducts research and provides writing support for peace operations research in areas including civilian police, accountability of UN personnel and post-conflict border security; edits books, reports and other pre-publication documents; tracks US legislation and UN reports regarding peace operations; and assists in outreach.

Mr. Hunt holds an MA in International Politics and Security Studies from the University of Bradford. His dissertation surveyed the different concepts of security across the spectrum and their applicability to the contemporary post-Cold War, post-9-11 world system. He also holds a BA in political science from Calvin College. His publications include "Reconstructing Stability: A New U.S. Office," in Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, July 2006.

His previous experiences as a rapporteur include the May 2003 Brandywine Forum on "Religion: the Missing Dimension of Security" and the"Rethinking Gender, War, and Peace" conference at the George Washington University in late 2003.

Richard F. Kaufman is director of the Bethesda Research Institute, a research and consulting group which he founded. He is also vice chairman and a member of the board of Directors of Economists for Peace and Security.

He formerly served as general counsel of the Joint Economic Committee of the US Congress where he conducted numerous investigations, organized committee hearings, and wrote reports on defense economics and trends in the centrally planned economies. After leaving Capitol Hill he was a Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars.

Mr. Kaufman has also served as a member of US delegations to NATO conferences on defense economics and on National Research Council study panels on the former Soviet Union and transitional economies. He has recently written on the full costs of missile defense, weapons in space, and homeland security.

Michael T. Klare is the Five College Professor of Peace and World Security Studies (a joint appointment at Amherst College, Hampshire College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst), and Director of the Five College Program in Peace and World Security Studies (PAWSS), a position he has held since 1985. Before assuming his present post, he served as Director of the Program on Militarism and Disarmament at the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C. (1977-84).

Professor Klare has written widely on U.S. defense policy, the arms trade, and world security affairs. He is the author of: Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America’s Growing Dependency on Imported Petroleum (Metropolitan Books, 2004); Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (Metropolitan Books, 2001); Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws (Hill and Wang, 1995); American Arms Supermarket (University of Texas Press, 1984); Supplying Repression (Field Foundation, 1978; 2nd ed., Institute for Policy Studies, 1981); and War Without End: American Planning for the Next Vietnams (Knopf, 1974). In addition, he is the editor or co-editor of Light Weapons and Civil Conflict: Controlling the Tools of Violence (Rowman and Littlefield, 1999); World Security: Challenges for a New Century (1st edition, 1991; 2nd edition, 1994; 3rd edition, 1998); Peace and World Security Studies: A Curriculum Guide (5th edition, 1989; 6th edition, 1994); Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995); and Low-Intensity Warfare (Pantheon, 1988).

Professor Klare is also the defense correspondent of The Nation and a contributing editor of Current History. He has contributed articles to those two journals and to Arms Control Today, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Harper's, International Security, Issues in Science and Technology, Journal of International Affairs, Le Monde Diplomatique, Mother Jones, Scientific American, Technology Review, Third World Quarterly, and World Policy Journal. He serves on the board of directors of the Arms Control Association, and the advisory board of the Arms Division of Human Rights Watch; he is also a member of the Committee on International Security Studies of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Charles Knight is co-founder and co-director of the Project on Defense Alternatives at the Commonwealth Institute and is editor of the Defense Strategy Review Page. Mr. Knight was the founder in 1989 of the Ground Force Alternatives Project at the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies.

In his work at PDA, he has authored 17 publications and co-authored another 30. These have been published by the Commonwealth Institute and also have appeared in such publications as Defense News, American Sentinel, Boston Review, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Social Policy, Boston Globe, International Security, and Dissent. Mr. Knight has made numerous presentations on peace and security issues at governmental and non-governmental institutions, and during the 1994-1996 period he led PDA consultative work with the African National Congress and the new post-apartheid South African Ministry of Defense, focusing on stability-oriented security options for southern Africa.

He serves on the boards of the Proteus Fund and the Conservation Services Group, Inc. Formerly, Mr. Knight was a fellow at the Institute for Peace and International Security in Cambridge, Massachusetts; publisher of Working Papers magazine; and a research associate at the Cambridge Institute.

Lawrence J. Korb is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and a senior adviser to the Center for Defense Information. Prior to joining the Center, he was a Senior Fellow and Director of National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. From July 1998 to October 2002, he was Council Vice President, Director of Studies, and holder of the Maurice Greenberg Chair. Prior to joining the Council, Dr. Korb served as Director of the Center for Public Policy Education and Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, Dean of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, and Vice President of Corporate Operations at the Raytheon Company.

Dr. Korb served as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, Installations and Logistics) from 1981 through 1985. In that position, he administered about 70 percent of the defense budget. For his service in that position, he was awarded the Department of Defense's medal for Distinguished Public Service. Mr. Korb served on active duty for four years as Naval Flight Officer, and retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of captain.

Dr. Korb's 20 books and more than 100 articles on national security issues include The Joint Chiefs of Staff: The First Twenty-five Years, The Fall and Rise of the Pentagon, American National Security: Policy and Process, Future Visions for U.S. Defense Policy, Reshaping America's Military, and A New National Security Strategy in an Age of Terrorists, Tyrants, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. His articles have appeared in such journals as Foreign Affairs, Public Administration Review, New York Times Sunday Magazine, Naval Institute Proceedings, and International Security. Over the past decade, Mr. Korb has made over 1,000 appearances as a commentator on such shows as The Today Show, The Early Show, Good Morning America, Face the Nation, This Week with David Brinkley, MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour, News Hour with Jim Lehrer, Nightline, 60 Minutes, Larry King Live, The O'Reilly Factor, and Crossfire. His more than 100 op-ed pieces have appeared in such major newspapers as the Washington Post, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Times, Los Angeles Times, Boston Globe, Baltimore Sun, Philadelphia Inquirer, and Christian Science Monitor.

Steven M. Kosiak is director of Budget Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. He is the author of CSBA's annual defense budget reports, including the same-day analysis of the president's defense budget request, and selected issue reports including Buying Tomorrow's Military: Options for Modernizing the Defense Capital Stock and Options for U.S. Fighter Modernization. He is the co-author of A Strategy for a Long Peace and he contributes extensively to all CSBA research activities.

Mr. Kosiak is a frequent speaker on defense issues, including readiness and modernization programs, and the defense budget process. He has also testified before the US House of Representatives Armed Services Committee and the House Budget Committee. Mr. Kosiak also is an Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University. He holds a BA from the University of Minnesota, an MPA from the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University, and a JD from Georgetown University.

William S. Lind is director of the Center for Cultural Conservatism at the Free Congress Foundation and a regular contributor to the Defense and the National Interest website. He is recognized as one of the founders of the American military reform movement.

He began the debate over maneuver warfare with an article in Military Review, in March 1977, "Some Doctrinal Questions for the United States Army." He is author of the Maneuver Warfare Handbook (Westview Press, 1985) and co-author, with Gary Hart, of America Can Win: The Case for Military Reform (Adler & Adler, 1986). Mr. Lind was heavily involved with the adoption of maneuver warfare doctrine by the United States Marine Corps in the early 1990s, assisting with the writing of FMFM-1, Warfighting and FMFM1-1, Campaigning, and co-authoring FMFM 1-3, Tactics.

A former Congressional aide, he has written widely for both professional journals such as the Marine Corps Gazette, Military Review, and Naval Institute Proceedings, and popular media including the Washington Post, New York Times and Harper's. For three years, he co-hosted the television program "Modern War" on the NET network and has lectured widely both in the United States and overseas.

Contact William Lind at (202) 543-8796

Douglas Macgregor is a former Army Colonel with 28 years' service. He is now an independent businessman with Potomac League, LLC, based in Reston, Virginia. He is also on the board of the Straus Military Reform Project at the Center for Defense Information. Most of his time in the Army was spent in armor, mechanized infantry and armored cavalry formations. In 1991, Col. Macgregor was awarded the bronze star for his leadership of combat troops who destroyed most of a full-strength Republican Guard Brigade in less than 40 minutes on 26 February 1991 during Operation Desert Storm. This later became known as the Battle of the 73 Easting, the most significant tank battle of the war. His concepts from his groundbreaking books on transformation, Breaking the Phalanx (1997) and Transformation under Fire (2003), have profoundly influenced the transformation of America's ground forces.

In the fall of 2001, Col. Macgregor was summoned to a meeting with a personal representative of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. As a result of this meeting, Macgregor developed the original concept for intervention in Iraq involving the use of an armored heavy force of roughly 50,000 troops in a no-warning attack straight into Baghdad. The plan assumed that the Iraqi Army and state structures would be retained in tact, assumptions that were subsequently overturned. At the insistence of Secretary Rumsfeld, Macgregor presented his concept plan to General "Tommy" Franks and his planning staff on 16-17 January 2002. Though modified to include less armor and vast numbers of Army and marine light infantry, Macgregor's concept was largely adopted.

Col. Macgregor's newest book: The Battle of 73 Easting: How the Soldiers Won the Battle and the Generals Lost Iraq will appear in the fall of 2007. Macgregor holds an MA in comparative politics, as well as a PhD in international relations from the University of Virginia.

Dini Merz is a program director for both the Proteus Fund's Peace and Security program and the CarEth Foundation, an arm of the Proteus Fund. She is also a program director at the Colombe Foundation. Prior to joining the Proteus/Careth Foundations in March 2003, she was the Program Director for the Tremaine Foundation, where she focused her energies on that organization's Learning Disabilities, Arts, and Environment program areas. Before her tenure at Tremaine, she was an environmental policy consultant for Public Sector Consultants.

Ms. Merz serves as a board member and treasurer of the New England Grassroots Environment Fund, which is a small grant-making program for New England-based activists. The program is designed to support grassroots environmental initiatives in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Its grants are intended to fuel civic engagement, local activism, and social change.

Currently a board member of the Unitarian Society of New Haven, Ms. Merz earned a law degree from the National Law Center at George Washington University in 1993, and a degree in international relations from Cornell University.

Dr. Janne E. Nolan is professor of international affairs and senior associate at The Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh. She has also been on the international security faculty at Georgetown University since 1994. She is the co-chairman of the project entitled, "Discourse, Dissent and Strategic Surprise: Formulating American Security in an Age of Uncertainty," sponsored by Georgetown’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

Dr. Nolan has held numerous senior positions in the private sector, including foreign policy director at The Century Foundation, senior fellow in foreign policy at The Brookings Institution, and senior international security consultant at Science Applications International Corporation. Her public service includes positions as a foreign affairs officer in the State Department; senior representative to the Senate Armed Services Committee for Senator Gary Hart; and member of the National Defense Panel, the Accountability Review Board investigating terrorist attacks on U.S. embassies in East Africa, and the Secretary of Defense’s Policy Board. In addition, Nolan has served on several congressionally appointed blue ribbon commissions and as a policy adviser to many presidential and Senate campaigns.

Dr. Nolan is the author of six books, including Guardians of the Arsenal: The Politics of Nuclear Strategy, Trappings of Power: Ballistic Missiles in the Third World, and Elusive Consensus. She currently is writing a book about discourse, dissent, and national security under contract to The Century Foundation of New York. Nolan edited Ultimate Security: Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction. Her numerous articles on international security and foreign policy have been published in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Science, Scientific American, and The New Republic. Nolan received her PhD from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

As Peace and Security Editor for Foreign Policy In Focus, Miriam Pemberton commissions and edits briefs and longer reports on foreign policy issues related to demilitarization. As Research Fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies she writes and speaks on these issues.

She holds a PhD from the University of Michigan.

Charles V. Peña is the director of the Coalition for a Realistic Foreign Policy and senior fellow at the Independent Institute. As the CATO Institute's former director of defense policy studies, he authored studies on the war on terrorism, the Iraq war, homeland security, bioterrorism, missile defense, and national security. He is an analyst for MSNBC, and has worked for several defense contractors with a variety of government clients, including the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Mr. Peña has analyzed and managed programs and studies on missile defense, strategic nuclear weapons, targeting policy and strategy, arms control, precision guided munitions, the future of air power, long-range military planning, Navy force structure and costing, joint military exercises, and emergency preparedness and response. He has been cited in the New York Times, the Washington Post, USA Today, the Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times, and the Chicago Tribune. He has appeared on The McLaughlin Group, The O’Reilly Factor, Hardball, Lester Holt Live, Market Watch, and the NBC Nightly News. He holds an MA in security policy studies from the George Washington University.

Dr. Posen has written two books, Inadvertent Escalation: Conventional War and Nuclear Risks and The Sources of Military Doctrine. The latter won two awards: The American Political Science Association's Woodrow Wilson Foundation Book Award, and Ohio State University 's Edward J. Furniss Jr. Book Award. His most recent article is "Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of US Hegemony," International Security, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Summer 2003).

Prior to coming to MIT, Dr. Posen taught at Princeton University, and has also been Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard; Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow; Rockefeller Foundation International Affairs Fellow; Woodrow Wilson Center Fellow, Smithsonian Institution; and most recently Transatlantic Fellow, German Marshall Fund of the US. His current activities include research on European Union Defense Policy, the role of force in US Foreign Policy, and innovation in the US Army, 1970-1980.

Daryl G. Press is associate professor of government at Dartmouth College. He received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research focuses on international security and U.S. foreign policy. He has written on crisis decision making, the sources of credibility in international politics, the effects of technological change on the future conduct of war, the effects of war on the globalized economy, and U.S. foreign policy alternatives.

Dr. Press has three ongoing research projects. One is on nuclear weapons, their effects on crisis dynamics during the Cold War, and the changing nuclear balance of power today. Another examines the impact of selection effects in studies of deterrence and economic sanctions. The third is on the effectiveness of various strategies of counterinsurgency. Professor Press held postdoctoral fellowships at the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University and the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford. He is an associate of the Olin Institute, a consultant at the RAND Corporation, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Franklin C. "Chuck" Spinney's commentary inspired the creation of the Defense and the National Interest website. He retired in May 2003 as an analyst in the Tactical Air shop of the Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation, Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD/PA&E.) He has written on accountability, or lack thereof, in the Federal government and on the systemic biases in our procurement system that routinely lead to cost growth, program stretch-outs, and performance degradations.

He began his military career in 1967 as a second lieutenant engineer in the U.S. Air Force, working on aircraft vulnerability at the USAF Flight Dynamics Laboratory. He left the Air Force in 1975, and by 1977 was working for the late famed fighter pilot, Colonel John R. Boyd, in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Program Analysis and Evaluation (PA&E). At PA&E, Spinney worked on tactical air weapons systems from the TR-1 and F-111D in the late 1970s to the F/A-22 and Joint Strike Fighter today.

Dr. Spinney is a well-known figure in the defense community, having testified before Congress numerous times, published several articles in the Proceedings of the US Naval Institute, the Wall Street Journal, Strategic Review, and appearing on the cover of Time Magazine in 1983. He is also the author of Defense Facts of Life: The Plans Reality Mismatch (Westview, 1985).

Monica Duffy Toft is an associate professor of Public Policy at the Kennedy School and the Assistant Director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. She was a research intern at the RAND Corporation and served in the U.S. Army in southern Germany as a Russian voice interceptor.

Dr. Toft's research interests include international relations, nationalism and ethnic conflict, civil and interstate wars, the relationship between demography and national security, and military and strategic planning. She is the author of two book manuscripts, a monograph, The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and Territory, and an edited volume, The Fog of Peace: Strategic and Military Planning Under Uncertainty. She holds a PhD and MA from the University of Chicago and a BA in political science and Slavic languages and literatures from the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Jason Vest is the Mintz-Burnham Fellow at the Project on Government Oversight. His investigative reporting career started more than 15 years ago with investigations of drug war absurdities and politics for alternative papers in Indiana. Now, he writes on national security affairs for The Nation and is a senior correspondent for American Prospect. He has also reported for publications such as National Journal, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, The Village Voice, Government Executive, Harper's, Southern Exposure and The Atlantic Monthly, as well as The Washington Post, US News & World Report, and The Scotsman (UK). He is perhaps best known for his reporting in connection with the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal.

His current major project at POGO is an ongoing investigation into the history of an aerospace project funded entirely by Congressional earmarks. Awaiting release in some form are investigations of US Strategic Command's new international strategic communications contractor, and an investigation of arms contractor FN Herstal USA, focused primarily on its president, the former French intelligence officer who orchestrated the 1985 bombing of the Rainbow Warrior. He has finished other projects including a critique of proposed USAF/Lockheed Martin efforts to sell the F-22 to Japan and a critique of the current Intelligence Authorization Act among others.

Stephen M. Walt is Robert and Rene Belfer Professor of International Affairs at Harvard University. He holds a BA in international relations from Stanford University and an MA and PhD in political science from the University of California, Berkeley. He was previously on the faculties of Princeton University and the University of Chicago, where he served as Deputy Dean of Social Sciences.

He is the author of The Origins of Alliances, which received the 1988 Edgar S. Furniss National Security Book Award; Revolution and War; and Taming American Power: The Global Response to U.S. Primacy. His recent publications include: "An Unnecessary War?" (Foreign Policy, Winter 2002-2003); "Beyond bin Laden: Reshaping U.S. Foreign Policy" (International Security, Winter 2001-2002); and "The Enduring Relevance of the Realist Tradition" (Political Science: State of the Discipline).

At GAO, he directed and wrote comprehensive evaluations of the US strategic triad and air power during the 1991 Gulf War. The latter was published as Operation Desert Storm: Examination of the Air Campaign (Ross & Perry, 2001). Wheeler resigned his position with Senator Pete Domenici and the Senate Budget Committee after he published a controversial essay, Mr. Smith Is Dead, which criticized Congress' handling of defense budgets after 9-11. This essay has been published in much expanded form as Wastrels of Defense: How Congress Sabotages U.S. Security (Naval Institute Press, 2004).

Cindy Williams is principal research scientist at the MIT Security Studies Program. Her work at MIT includes analysis of military pay, personnel and benefits policies, efficiency and waste in Pentagon spending, as well comparative analyses of military and non-military options for addressing global mass casualty terrorism. She is editor of Filling the Ranks: Transforming the US Military System (MIT Press, 2004) and Holding the Line: U.S. Defense Alternatives for the 21st Century (MIT Press, 2001). Williams also has published commentary in the Washington Post, New York Times, Boston Globe, and elsewhere.

Formerly she served as an Assistant Director of the Congressional Budget Office, where she led the National Security Division in studies of budgetary and policy choices related to defense and international security. Dr. Williams has served as a director at the MITRE Corporation; as a member of the Senior Executive Service in the Office of the Secretary of Defense; and as a mathematician at RAND Corporation. A member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Dr. Williams holds a PhD in mathematics from the University of California, Irvine. She is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration and a member of the Information and Command and Control Systems Technical Committee of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.